Scrape a Shopping Website in C

更新:2026年4月21日

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瞭解如何使用 C# 搭配 WebScraper 框架，從購物網站抓取產品類別與商品，並將 HTML 元素中的結構化資料提取至自訂模型中。這份全面指南將引導您使用 IronWebScraper 函式庫，逐步建置一個穩健的電子商務資料擷取工具。

快速入門：使用 C# 抓取購物網站

using NuGet 套件管理員安裝 https://www.nuget.org/packages/IronWebScraper
PM > Install-Package IronWebScraper

請複製並執行此程式碼片段。

using IronWebScraper;

public class QuickShoppingScraper : WebScraper
{
    public override void Init()
    {
        // Apply your license key
        License.LicenseKey = "YOUR-LICENSE-KEY";

        // Set the starting URL
        this.Request("https://shopping-site.com", Parse);
    }

    public override void Parse(Response response)
    {
        // Extract product data
        foreach (var product in response.Css(".product-item"))
        {
            var item = new
            {
                Name = product.Css(".product-name").First().InnerText,
                Price = product.Css(".price").First().InnerText,
                Image = product.Css("img").First().Attributes["src"]
            };

            Scrape(item, "products.jsonl");
        }
    }
}

// Run the scraper
var scraper = new QuickShoppingScraper();
scraper.Start();

部署至您的生產環境進行測試

立即透過免費試用，在您的專案中開始使用 IronWebScraper

建立一個名為"ShoppingSiteSample"的新控制台應用程式專案
新增一個名為"ShoppingScraper"的類別，使其繼承自 WebScraper
為 Category 和 Product 資料建立模型
覆寫 Init() 以設定起始 URL，並覆寫 Parse() 方法以進行擷取
執行爬蟲程式，將類別與產品資料擷取至 JSONL 檔案

如何分析購物網站的 HTML 結構？

選擇一個購物網站來分析其內容結構。理解 HTML 結構對於成功的網頁抓取至關重要。在編寫任何程式碼之前，請先花時間使用瀏覽器開發者工具分析目標網站的結構。

如圖所示，左側邊欄包含網站產品類別的連結。第一步是分析網站的 HTML 並規劃爬取策略。此分析階段對於建立有效的擷取策略至關重要。

為何理解 HTML 結構如此重要？

時尚網站的類別下設有子類別（男裝、女裝、童裝）。理解此層級結構有助於設計合適的資料模型與擷取邏輯。在使用進階網頁爬取功能時，正確的 HTML 分析變得更加關鍵。

<li class="menu-item" data-id="">
    <a href="https://domain.com/fashion-by-/" class="main-category">
        <i class="cat-icon osh-font-fashion"></i>
        <span class="nav-subTxt">FASHION </span>
        <i class="osh-font-light-arrow-left"></i><i class="osh-font-light-arrow-right"></i>
    </a>
    <div class="navLayerWrapper" style="width: 633px; display: none;">
        <div class="submenu">
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/fashion-by-/?sort=newest&amp;dir=desc&amp;viewType=gridView3">New Arrivals !</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/men-fashion/">Men</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-shoes/">Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-clothing/">Clothing</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-accessories/">Accessories</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/women-fashion/">Women</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-shoes/">Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-clothing/">Clothing</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-accessories/">Accessories</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/girls-boys-fashion/">Kids</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/boys-fashion/">Boys</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/girls/">Girls</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/maternity-clothes/">Maternity Clothes</a>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <span class="category defaultCursor">Men Best Sellers</span>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-casual-shoes/">Casual Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-sneakers/">Sneakers</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-t-shirts/">T-shirts</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-polos/">Polos</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <span class="category defaultCursor">Women Best Sellers</span>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-sandals/">Sandals</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-sneakers/">Sneakers</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/women-dresses/">Dresses</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/women-tops/">Tops</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/womens-curvy-clothing/">Women's Curvy Clothing</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/fashion-bundles/v/">Fashion Bundles</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/hijab-fashion/">Hijab Fashion</a>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/brands/fashion-by-/">SEE ALL BRANDS</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/adidas/">Adidas</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/converse/">Converse</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/ravin/">Ravin</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/dejavu/">Dejavu</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/agu/">Agu</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/activ/">Activ</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/oxford--bellini--tie-house--milano/">Tie House</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/shoe-room/">Shoe Room</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/town-team/">Town Team</a>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</li>

<li class="menu-item" data-id="">
    <a href="https://domain.com/fashion-by-/" class="main-category">
        <i class="cat-icon osh-font-fashion"></i>
        <span class="nav-subTxt">FASHION </span>
        <i class="osh-font-light-arrow-left"></i><i class="osh-font-light-arrow-right"></i>
    </a>
    <div class="navLayerWrapper" style="width: 633px; display: none;">
        <div class="submenu">
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/fashion-by-/?sort=newest&amp;dir=desc&amp;viewType=gridView3">New Arrivals !</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/men-fashion/">Men</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-shoes/">Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-clothing/">Clothing</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-accessories/">Accessories</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/women-fashion/">Women</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-shoes/">Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-clothing/">Clothing</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-accessories/">Accessories</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/girls-boys-fashion/">Kids</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/boys-fashion/">Boys</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/girls/">Girls</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/maternity-clothes/">Maternity Clothes</a>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <span class="category defaultCursor">Men Best Sellers</span>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-casual-shoes/">Casual Shoes</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-sneakers/">Sneakers</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-t-shirts/">T-shirts</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/mens-polos/">Polos</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <span class="category defaultCursor">Women Best Sellers</span>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-sandals/">Sandals</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/womens-sneakers/">Sneakers</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/women-dresses/">Dresses</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/women-tops/">Tops</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/womens-curvy-clothing/">Women's Curvy Clothing</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/fashion-bundles/v/">Fashion Bundles</a>
                </div>
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/hijab-fashion/">Hijab Fashion</a>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="column">
                <div class="categories">
                    <a class="category" href="https://domain.com/brands/fashion-by-/">SEE ALL BRANDS</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/adidas/">Adidas</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/converse/">Converse</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/ravin/">Ravin</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/dejavu/">Dejavu</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/agu/">Agu</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/activ/">Activ</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/oxford--bellini--tie-house--milano/">Tie House</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/shoe-room/">Shoe Room</a>
                    <a class="subcategory" href="https://domain.com/town-team/">Town Team</a>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</li>

HTML

如何設定網頁爬取專案？

依照 C# 網頁擷取的最佳實務來建立專案。

建立一個新的主控台應用程式，或為範例新增一個名為"ShoppingSiteSample"的資料夾
新增一個名為"ShoppingScraper"的類別
首先抓取網站類別及其子類別
透過 NuGet 套件管理員或套件管理員控制台安裝 IronWebScraper：

Install-Package IronWebScraper

Install-Package IronWebScraper

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

我應該使用哪種資料模型來處理類別？

建立一個能正確呈現所發現層級結構的"類別模型"：

public class Category
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the name.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The name.
    /// </value>
    public string Name { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the URL.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The URL.
    /// </value>
    public string URL { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the subcategories.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The subcategories.
    /// </value>
    public List<Category> SubCategories { get; set; }

    // Additional properties for enhanced data collection
    public int ProductCount { get; set; }
    public DateTime LastScraped { get; set; }
    public string CategoryType { get; set; }
}

public class Category
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the name.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The name.
    /// </value>
    public string Name { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the URL.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The URL.
    /// </value>
    public string URL { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the subcategories.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The subcategories.
    /// </value>
    public List<Category> SubCategories { get; set; }

    // Additional properties for enhanced data collection
    public int ProductCount { get; set; }
    public DateTime LastScraped { get; set; }
    public string CategoryType { get; set; }
}

Public Class Category
    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the name.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The name.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property Name As String

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the URL.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The URL.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property URL As String

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the subcategories.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The subcategories.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property SubCategories As List(Of Category)

    ' Additional properties for enhanced data collection
    Public Property ProductCount As Integer
    Public Property LastScraped As DateTime
    Public Property CategoryType As String
End Class

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

如何建立基本的爬蟲邏輯？

建立爬蟲邏輯時，請記得在執行爬蟲之前先套用您的授權金鑰：

public class ShoppingScraper : WebScraper
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Initialize the web scraper, setting the start URLs and allowed/banned domains or URL patterns.
    /// </summary>
    public override void Init()
    {
        // Apply your license key - get one from https://ironsoftware.com/csharp/webscraper/licensing/
        License.LicenseKey = "LicenseKey";
        this.LoggingLevel = WebScraper.LogLevel.All;
        this.WorkingDirectory = AppSetting.GetAppRoot() + @"\ShoppingSiteSample\Output\";

        // Configure request settings for better performance
        this.Request("www.webSite.com", Parse);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Parses the HTML document of the response to scrap the necessary data.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="response">The HTTP Response object to parse.</param>
    public override void Parse(Response response)
    {
        var categoryList = new List<Category>();

        // Iterate through each link in the menu and extract the category data.
        foreach (var Links in response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li > a"))
        {
            var cat = new Category
            {
                URL = Links.Attributes["href"],
                Name = Links.InnerText,
                LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            };
            categoryList.Add(cat);
        }

        // Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
        Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl");
    }
}

public class ShoppingScraper : WebScraper
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Initialize the web scraper, setting the start URLs and allowed/banned domains or URL patterns.
    /// </summary>
    public override void Init()
    {
        // Apply your license key - get one from https://ironsoftware.com/csharp/webscraper/licensing/
        License.LicenseKey = "LicenseKey";
        this.LoggingLevel = WebScraper.LogLevel.All;
        this.WorkingDirectory = AppSetting.GetAppRoot() + @"\ShoppingSiteSample\Output\";

        // Configure request settings for better performance
        this.Request("www.webSite.com", Parse);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Parses the HTML document of the response to scrap the necessary data.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="response">The HTTP Response object to parse.</param>
    public override void Parse(Response response)
    {
        var categoryList = new List<Category>();

        // Iterate through each link in the menu and extract the category data.
        foreach (var Links in response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li > a"))
        {
            var cat = new Category
            {
                URL = Links.Attributes["href"],
                Name = Links.InnerText,
                LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            };
            categoryList.Add(cat);
        }

        // Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
        Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl");
    }
}

Imports System
Imports System.Collections.Generic

Public Class ShoppingScraper
    Inherits WebScraper

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Initialize the web scraper, setting the start URLs and allowed/banned domains or URL patterns.
    ''' </summary>
    Public Overrides Sub Init()
        ' Apply your license key - get one from https://ironsoftware.com/csharp/webscraper/licensing/
        License.LicenseKey = "LicenseKey"
        Me.LoggingLevel = WebScraper.LogLevel.All
        Me.WorkingDirectory = AppSetting.GetAppRoot() & "\ShoppingSiteSample\Output\"

        ' Configure request settings for better performance
        Me.Request("www.webSite.com", AddressOf Parse)
    End Sub

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Parses the HTML document of the response to scrap the necessary data.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <param name="response">The HTTP Response object to parse.</param>
    Public Overrides Sub Parse(response As Response)
        Dim categoryList As New List(Of Category)()

        ' Iterate through each link in the menu and extract the category data.
        For Each Links In response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li > a")
            Dim cat As New Category With {
                .URL = Links.Attributes("href"),
                .Name = Links.InnerText,
                .LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            }
            categoryList.Add(cat)
        Next

        ' Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
        Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl")
    End Sub
End Class

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

我在選單中鎖定哪些元素？

從選單中抓取連結需要精確的 CSS 選擇器。 API 參考文件提供了關於可用選擇器方法的詳細資訊：

如何同時抓取主要類別和子類別？

更新程式碼以擷取主要類別及所有子連結。此方法可確保完整捕捉導覽結構：

public override void Parse(Response response)
{
    // List of Category Links (Root)
    var categoryList = new List<Category>();

    // Traverse each 'li' under the fixed menu
    foreach (var li in response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li"))
    {
        // List of Main Links
        foreach (var Links in li.Css("a"))
        {
            var cat = new Category
            {
                URL = Links.Attributes["href"],
                Name = Links.InnerText,
                SubCategories = new List<Category>(),
                LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            };

            // List of Subcategories Links
            foreach (var subCategory in li.Css("a[class=subcategory]"))
            {
                var subcat = new Category
                {
                    URL = subCategory.Attributes["href"],
                    Name = subCategory.InnerText,
                    CategoryType = "Subcategory"
                };

                // Check if subcategory link already exists
                if (cat.SubCategories.Find(c => c.Name == subcat.Name && c.URL == subcat.URL) == null)
                {
                    // Add sublinks
                    cat.SubCategories.Add(subcat);
                }
            }

            // Update product count based on subcategories
            cat.ProductCount = cat.SubCategories.Co/unt;

            // Add Main Category to the list
            categoryList.Add(cat);
        }
    }

    // Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl");
}

public override void Parse(Response response)
{
    // List of Category Links (Root)
    var categoryList = new List<Category>();

    // Traverse each 'li' under the fixed menu
    foreach (var li in response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li"))
    {
        // List of Main Links
        foreach (var Links in li.Css("a"))
        {
            var cat = new Category
            {
                URL = Links.Attributes["href"],
                Name = Links.InnerText,
                SubCategories = new List<Category>(),
                LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            };

            // List of Subcategories Links
            foreach (var subCategory in li.Css("a[class=subcategory]"))
            {
                var subcat = new Category
                {
                    URL = subCategory.Attributes["href"],
                    Name = subCategory.InnerText,
                    CategoryType = "Subcategory"
                };

                // Check if subcategory link already exists
                if (cat.SubCategories.Find(c => c.Name == subcat.Name && c.URL == subcat.URL) == null)
                {
                    // Add sublinks
                    cat.SubCategories.Add(subcat);
                }
            }

            // Update product count based on subcategories
            cat.ProductCount = cat.SubCategories.Co/unt;

            // Add Main Category to the list
            categoryList.Add(cat);
        }
    }

    // Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl");
}

Public Overrides Sub Parse(response As Response)
    ' List of Category Links (Root)
    Dim categoryList As New List(Of Category)()

    ' Traverse each 'li' under the fixed menu
    For Each li In response.Css("#menuFixed > ul > li")
        ' List of Main Links
        For Each Links In li.Css("a")
            Dim cat As New Category With {
                .URL = Links.Attributes("href"),
                .Name = Links.InnerText,
                .SubCategories = New List(Of Category)(),
                .LastScraped = DateTime.Now
            }

            ' List of Subcategories Links
            For Each subCategory In li.Css("a[class=subcategory]")
                Dim subcat As New Category With {
                    .URL = subCategory.Attributes("href"),
                    .Name = subCategory.InnerText,
                    .CategoryType = "Subcategory"
                }

                ' Check if subcategory link already exists
                If cat.SubCategories.Find(Function(c) c.Name = subcat.Name AndAlso c.URL = subcat.URL) Is Nothing Then
                    ' Add sublinks
                    cat.SubCategories.Add(subcat)
                End If
            Next

            ' Update product count based on subcategories
            cat.ProductCount = cat.SubCategories.Count

            ' Add Main Category to the list
            categoryList.Add(cat)
        Next
    Next

    ' Save the scraped data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(categoryList, "Shopping.jsonl")
End Sub

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

如何從分類頁面中擷取產品資訊？

透過所有網站類別的連結，開始抓取各類別中的產品。在處理產品頁面時，執行緒安全性對於實現最佳效能至關重要。請瀏覽各分類並檢視內容：

產品的 HTML 結構是怎樣的？

請檢視 HTML 結構以了解產品架構：

<section class="products">
    <div class="sku -gallery -validate-size " data-sku="AG249FA0T2PSGNAFAMZ" ft-product-sizes="41,42,43,44,45" ft-product-color="Multicolour">
        <a class="link" href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html">
            <div class="image-wrapper default-state">
                <img class="lazy image -loaded" alt="Bundle Of 2 Sneakers - Black & Navy Blue" data-image-vertical="1" width="210" height="262" src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-sku="AG249FA0T2PSGNAFAMZ" data-src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-placeholder="placeholder_m_1.jpg">
                <noscript><img src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" width="210" height="262" class="image" /></noscript>
            </div>
            <h2 class="title"></h2>
                <span class="brand ">Agu&nbsp;</span>
                <span class="name" dir="ltr">Bundle Of 2 Sneakers - Black & Navy Blue</span>
            </h2>
            <div class="price-container clearfix">
                <span class="price-box">
                    <span class="price">
                        <span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span>
                        <span dir="ltr" data-price="299">299</span>
                    </span>
                    <span class="price -old  -no-special"></span>
                </span>
            </div>
            <div class="rating-stars">
                <div class="stars-container">
                    <div class="stars" style="width: 62%"></div>
                </div>
                <div class="total-ratings">(30)</div>
            </div>
            <span class="shop-first-logo-container">
                <img src="http://www.WebSite.com/images/local/logos/shop_first/ShoppingSite/logo_normal.png" data-src="http://www.WebSite.com/images/local/logos/shop_first/ShoppingSite/logo_normal.png" class="lazy shop-first-logo-img -mbxs -loaded">
            </span>
            <span class="osh-icon -ShoppingSite-local shop_local--logo -block -mbs -mts"></span>
            <div class="list -sizes" data-selected-sku="">
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=41">41</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=42">42</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=43">43</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=44">44</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=45">45</span>
            </div>
        </a>
    </div>
    <div class="sku -gallery -validate-size " data-sku="LE047FA01SRK4NAFAMZ" ft-product-sizes="110,115,120,125,130,135" ft-product-color="Black">
        <a class="link" href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html">
            <div class="image-wrapper default-state">
                <img class="lazy image -loaded" alt="Genuine Leather Belt - Black" data-image-vertical="1" width="210" height="262" src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-sku="LE047FA01SRK4NAFAMZ" data-src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-placeholder="placeholder_m_1.jpg">
                <noscript><img src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" width="210" height="262" class="image" /></noscript>
            </div>
            <h2 class="title"><span class="brand ">Leather Shop&nbsp;</span> <span class="name" dir="ltr">Genuine Leather Belt - Black</span></h2>
            <div class="price-container clearfix">
                <span class="sale-flag-percent">-29%</span>
                <span class="price-box">
                    <span class="price"><span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span> <span dir="ltr" data-price="96">96</span> </span>
                    <span class="price -old"><span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span> <span dir="ltr" data-price="135">135</span> </span>
                </span>
            </div>
            <div class="rating-stars">
                <div class="stars-container">
                    <div class="stars" style="width: 100%"></div>
                </div>
                <div class="total-ratings">(1)</div>
            </div>
            <span class="osh-icon -ShoppingSite-local shop_local--logo -block -mbs -mts"></span>
            <div class="list -sizes" data-selected-sku="">
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=110">110</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=115">115</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=120">120</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=125">125</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=130">130</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=135">135</span>
            </div>
        </a>
    </div>
</section>

<section class="products">
    <div class="sku -gallery -validate-size " data-sku="AG249FA0T2PSGNAFAMZ" ft-product-sizes="41,42,43,44,45" ft-product-color="Multicolour">
        <a class="link" href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html">
            <div class="image-wrapper default-state">
                <img class="lazy image -loaded" alt="Bundle Of 2 Sneakers - Black & Navy Blue" data-image-vertical="1" width="210" height="262" src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-sku="AG249FA0T2PSGNAFAMZ" data-src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-placeholder="placeholder_m_1.jpg">
                <noscript><img src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/agu-6208-488356-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" width="210" height="262" class="image" /></noscript>
            </div>
            <h2 class="title"></h2>
                <span class="brand ">Agu&nbsp;</span>
                <span class="name" dir="ltr">Bundle Of 2 Sneakers - Black & Navy Blue</span>
            </h2>
            <div class="price-container clearfix">
                <span class="price-box">
                    <span class="price">
                        <span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span>
                        <span dir="ltr" data-price="299">299</span>
                    </span>
                    <span class="price -old  -no-special"></span>
                </span>
            </div>
            <div class="rating-stars">
                <div class="stars-container">
                    <div class="stars" style="width: 62%"></div>
                </div>
                <div class="total-ratings">(30)</div>
            </div>
            <span class="shop-first-logo-container">
                <img src="http://www.WebSite.com/images/local/logos/shop_first/ShoppingSite/logo_normal.png" data-src="http://www.WebSite.com/images/local/logos/shop_first/ShoppingSite/logo_normal.png" class="lazy shop-first-logo-img -mbxs -loaded">
            </span>
            <span class="osh-icon -ShoppingSite-local shop_local--logo -block -mbs -mts"></span>
            <div class="list -sizes" data-selected-sku="">
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=41">41</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=42">42</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=43">43</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=44">44</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/agu-bundle-of-2-sneakers-black-navy-blue-653884.html?size=45">45</span>
            </div>
        </a>
    </div>
    <div class="sku -gallery -validate-size " data-sku="LE047FA01SRK4NAFAMZ" ft-product-sizes="110,115,120,125,130,135" ft-product-color="Black">
        <a class="link" href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html">
            <div class="image-wrapper default-state">
                <img class="lazy image -loaded" alt="Genuine Leather Belt - Black" data-image-vertical="1" width="210" height="262" src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-sku="LE047FA01SRK4NAFAMZ" data-src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" data-placeholder="placeholder_m_1.jpg">
                <noscript><img src="https://static.WebSite.com/p/leather-shop-1831-030217-1-catalog_grid_3.jpg" width="210" height="262" class="image" /></noscript>
            </div>
            <h2 class="title"><span class="brand ">Leather Shop&nbsp;</span> <span class="name" dir="ltr">Genuine Leather Belt - Black</span></h2>
            <div class="price-container clearfix">
                <span class="sale-flag-percent">-29%</span>
                <span class="price-box">
                    <span class="price"><span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span> <span dir="ltr" data-price="96">96</span> </span>
                    <span class="price -old"><span data-currency-iso="EGP">EGP</span> <span dir="ltr" data-price="135">135</span> </span>
                </span>
            </div>
            <div class="rating-stars">
                <div class="stars-container">
                    <div class="stars" style="width: 100%"></div>
                </div>
                <div class="total-ratings">(1)</div>
            </div>
            <span class="osh-icon -ShoppingSite-local shop_local--logo -block -mbs -mts"></span>
            <div class="list -sizes" data-selected-sku="">
                <span class="js-link sku-size" data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=110">110</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=115">115</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=120">120</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=125">125</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=130">130</span>
                <span class="js-link sku-size"data-href="http://www.WebSite.com/leather-shop-genuine-leather-belt-black-712030.html?size=135">135</span>
            </div>
        </a>
    </div>
</section>

HTML

我應該建立哪種產品模型？

為此內容建立產品模型。在處理購物網站抓取時，請擷取所有相關的產品詳細資訊：

public class Product
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the name.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The name.
    /// </value>
    public string Name { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the price.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The price.
    /// </value>
    public string Price { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the image.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The image.
    /// </value>
    public string Image { get; set; }

    // Additional properties for comprehensive data collection
    public string Brand { get; set; }
    public string OldPrice { get; set; }
    public string Discount { get; set; }
    public float Rating { get; set; }
    public int ReviewCount { get; set; }
    public List<string> AvailableSizes { get; set; }
    public string ProductUrl { get; set; }
    public string SKU { get; set; }
    public DateTime ScrapedDate { get; set; }
}

public class Product
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the name.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The name.
    /// </value>
    public string Name { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the price.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The price.
    /// </value>
    public string Price { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the image.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// The image.
    /// </value>
    public string Image { get; set; }

    // Additional properties for comprehensive data collection
    public string Brand { get; set; }
    public string OldPrice { get; set; }
    public string Discount { get; set; }
    public float Rating { get; set; }
    public int ReviewCount { get; set; }
    public List<string> AvailableSizes { get; set; }
    public string ProductUrl { get; set; }
    public string SKU { get; set; }
    public DateTime ScrapedDate { get; set; }
}

Public Class Product
    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the name.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The name.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property Name As String

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the price.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The price.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property Price As String

    ''' <summary>
    ''' Gets or sets the image.
    ''' </summary>
    ''' <value>
    ''' The image.
    ''' </value>
    Public Property Image As String

    ' Additional properties for comprehensive data collection
    Public Property Brand As String
    Public Property OldPrice As String
    Public Property Discount As String
    Public Property Rating As Single
    Public Property ReviewCount As Integer
    Public Property AvailableSizes As List(Of String)
    Public Property ProductUrl As String
    Public Property SKU As String
    Public Property ScrapedDate As DateTime
End Class

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

如何新增產品擷取功能？

若要抓取分類頁面，請新增一個具備錯誤處理與資料驗證功能的新抓取方法：

public void ParseCategory(Response response)
{
    // List of Products
    var productList = new List<Product>();

    // Iterate through product links in the product section
    foreach (var Links in response.Css("section.products > div > a"))
    {
        try
        {
            var product = new Product
            {
                Name = Links.Css("h2.title > span.name").First().InnerText,
                Brand = Links.Css("h2.title > span.brand").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText ?? "Unknown",
                Price = Links.Css("div.price-container > span.price-box > span.price > span[data-price]").First().InnerText,
                Image = Links.Css("div.image-wrapper.default-state > img").First().Attributes["src"],
                ProductUrl = Links.Attributes["href"],
                SKU = Links.ParentNode.Attributes["data-sku"],
                ScrapedDate = DateTime.Now
            };

            // Extract old price if available
            var oldPriceElement = Links.Css("span.price.-old > span[data-price]").FirstOrDefault();
            if (oldPriceElement != null)
            {
                product.OldPrice = oldPriceElement.InnerText;
            }

            // Extract discount percentage
            var discountElement = Links.Css("span.sale-flag-percent").FirstOrDefault();
            if (discountElement != null)
            {
                product.Discount = discountElement.InnerText;
            }

            // Extract rating information
            var ratingWidth = Links.Css("div.stars").FirstOrDefault()?.Attributes["style"];
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(ratingWidth))
            {
                var width = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(ratingWidth, @"(\d+)%").Groups[1].Value;
                if (int.TryParse(width, out int ratingPercent))
                {
                    product.Rating = ratingPercent / 20.0f; // Convert percentage to 5-star scale
                }
            }

            // Extract review count
            var reviewText = Links.Css("div.total-ratings").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText;
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(reviewText))
            {
                var reviewCount = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(reviewText, @"\d+").Value;
                if (int.TryParse(reviewCount, out int count))
                {
                    product.ReviewCount = count;
                }
            }

            // Extract available sizes
            product.AvailableSizes = Links.Css("div.list.-sizes > span.sku-size")
                .Select(s => s.InnerText)
                .ToList();

            productList.Add(product);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // Log error and continue with next product
            Console.WriteLine($"Error parsing product: {ex.Message}");
        }
    }

    // Save the scraped product data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(productList, "Products.jsonl");

    // Handle pagination if needed
    var nextPageLink = response.Css("a.pagination-next").FirstOrDefault();
    if (nextPageLink != null)
    {
        var nextPageUrl = nextPageLink.Attributes["href"];
        this.Request(nextPageUrl, ParseCategory);
    }
}

public void ParseCategory(Response response)
{
    // List of Products
    var productList = new List<Product>();

    // Iterate through product links in the product section
    foreach (var Links in response.Css("section.products > div > a"))
    {
        try
        {
            var product = new Product
            {
                Name = Links.Css("h2.title > span.name").First().InnerText,
                Brand = Links.Css("h2.title > span.brand").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText ?? "Unknown",
                Price = Links.Css("div.price-container > span.price-box > span.price > span[data-price]").First().InnerText,
                Image = Links.Css("div.image-wrapper.default-state > img").First().Attributes["src"],
                ProductUrl = Links.Attributes["href"],
                SKU = Links.ParentNode.Attributes["data-sku"],
                ScrapedDate = DateTime.Now
            };

            // Extract old price if available
            var oldPriceElement = Links.Css("span.price.-old > span[data-price]").FirstOrDefault();
            if (oldPriceElement != null)
            {
                product.OldPrice = oldPriceElement.InnerText;
            }

            // Extract discount percentage
            var discountElement = Links.Css("span.sale-flag-percent").FirstOrDefault();
            if (discountElement != null)
            {
                product.Discount = discountElement.InnerText;
            }

            // Extract rating information
            var ratingWidth = Links.Css("div.stars").FirstOrDefault()?.Attributes["style"];
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(ratingWidth))
            {
                var width = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(ratingWidth, @"(\d+)%").Groups[1].Value;
                if (int.TryParse(width, out int ratingPercent))
                {
                    product.Rating = ratingPercent / 20.0f; // Convert percentage to 5-star scale
                }
            }

            // Extract review count
            var reviewText = Links.Css("div.total-ratings").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText;
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(reviewText))
            {
                var reviewCount = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(reviewText, @"\d+").Value;
                if (int.TryParse(reviewCount, out int count))
                {
                    product.ReviewCount = count;
                }
            }

            // Extract available sizes
            product.AvailableSizes = Links.Css("div.list.-sizes > span.sku-size")
                .Select(s => s.InnerText)
                .ToList();

            productList.Add(product);
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            // Log error and continue with next product
            Console.WriteLine($"Error parsing product: {ex.Message}");
        }
    }

    // Save the scraped product data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(productList, "Products.jsonl");

    // Handle pagination if needed
    var nextPageLink = response.Css("a.pagination-next").FirstOrDefault();
    if (nextPageLink != null)
    {
        var nextPageUrl = nextPageLink.Attributes["href"];
        this.Request(nextPageUrl, ParseCategory);
    }
}

Public Sub ParseCategory(response As Response)
    ' List of Products
    Dim productList As New List(Of Product)()

    ' Iterate through product links in the product section
    For Each Links In response.Css("section.products > div > a")
        Try
            Dim product As New Product With {
                .Name = Links.Css("h2.title > span.name").First().InnerText,
                .Brand = If(Links.Css("h2.title > span.brand").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText, "Unknown"),
                .Price = Links.Css("div.price-container > span.price-box > span.price > span[data-price]").First().InnerText,
                .Image = Links.Css("div.image-wrapper.default-state > img").First().Attributes("src"),
                .ProductUrl = Links.Attributes("href"),
                .SKU = Links.ParentNode.Attributes("data-sku"),
                .ScrapedDate = DateTime.Now
            }

            ' Extract old price if available
            Dim oldPriceElement = Links.Css("span.price.-old > span[data-price]").FirstOrDefault()
            If oldPriceElement IsNot Nothing Then
                product.OldPrice = oldPriceElement.InnerText
            End If

            ' Extract discount percentage
            Dim discountElement = Links.Css("span.sale-flag-percent").FirstOrDefault()
            If discountElement IsNot Nothing Then
                product.Discount = discountElement.InnerText
            End If

            ' Extract rating information
            Dim ratingWidth = Links.Css("div.stars").FirstOrDefault()?.Attributes("style")
            If Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(ratingWidth) Then
                Dim width = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(ratingWidth, "(\d+)%").Groups(1).Value
                Dim ratingPercent As Integer
                If Integer.TryParse(width, ratingPercent) Then
                    product.Rating = ratingPercent / 20.0F ' Convert percentage to 5-star scale
                End If
            End If

            ' Extract review count
            Dim reviewText = Links.Css("div.total-ratings").FirstOrDefault()?.InnerText
            If Not String.IsNullOrEmpty(reviewText) Then
                Dim reviewCount = System.Text.RegularExpressions.Regex.Match(reviewText, "\d+").Value
                Dim count As Integer
                If Integer.TryParse(reviewCount, count) Then
                    product.ReviewCount = count
                End If
            End If

            ' Extract available sizes
            product.AvailableSizes = Links.Css("div.list.-sizes > span.sku-size") _
                .Select(Function(s) s.InnerText) _
                .ToList()

            productList.Add(product)
        Catch ex As Exception
            ' Log error and continue with next product
            Console.WriteLine($"Error parsing product: {ex.Message}")
        End Try
    Next

    ' Save the scraped product data into a JSONL file.
    Scrape(productList, "Products.jsonl")

    ' Handle pagination if needed
    Dim nextPageLink = response.Css("a.pagination-next").FirstOrDefault()
    If nextPageLink IsNot Nothing Then
        Dim nextPageUrl = nextPageLink.Attributes("href")
        Me.Request(nextPageUrl, AddressOf ParseCategory)
    End If
End Sub

$vbLabelText $csharpLabel

這種針對購物網站的全面抓取方法，能確保擷取所有相關產品資訊，同時優雅地處理錯誤。若需處理更複雜的場景，請探索 IronWebScraper 中提供的進階網頁擷取功能。

常見問題

如何使用 C# 從購物網站擷取產品資料？

IronWebscraper 透過 CSS 選擇器，讓您能輕鬆從購物網站擷取產品資料。您可以建立 WEBSCRAPER 類別，覆寫 Parse 方法，並使用 response.Css() 鎖定特定的 HTML 元素，例如產品名稱、價格和圖片。擷取的資料可儲存為多種格式，包括 JSON 和 JSONL 檔案。

建立購物網站爬蟲的基本步驟有哪些？

using IronWebscraper 建立購物網站爬蟲的步驟如下：1) 建立一個 Console App 專案，2) 新增一個繼承自 WEBSCRAPER 的類別，3) 建立類別與產品的資料模型，4) 覆寫 Init() 方法以設定起始網址，5) 覆寫 Parse() 方法，使用 CSS 選擇器擷取資料，以及 6) 執行爬蟲程式，將資料儲存為您偏好的格式。

在抓取電子商務網站時，該如何處理層級類別結構？

IronWebscraper 允許您透過建立適當的資料模型來處理階層結構，以反映父子關係（例如：時尚 > 男裝 > 鞋類）。您可以使用 CSS 選擇器瀏覽嵌套的 HTML 元素，並透過程式設計建立類別樹結構，這在使用 IronWebscraper 的進階功能時特別有用。

在進行資料擷取前，分析購物網站 HTML 結構的最佳方法是什麼？

在使用 IronWebscraper 抓取購物網站之前，請先透過瀏覽器開發者工具檢視 HTML 結構。尋找 CSS 類別與元素層級中的固定模式。此分析有助於您識別正確的 CSS 選擇器，以便在 IronWebscraper 的 Parse() 方法中使用，從而精準鎖定產品資訊、類別及其他資料元素。

我能否從同一頁面同時擷取產品列表和類別導覽？

是的，IronWebScraper 允許您從單一頁面中擷取多種資料類型。在您的 Parse() 方法中，您可以使用不同的 CSS 選擇器同時鎖定類別連結（例如 '.category-item'）和產品列表（例如 '.product-item'），然後將它們儲存至獨立的輸出檔案或資料結構中。

如何將抓取的產品資料儲存至檔案中？

IronWebScraper 提供內建的 Scrape() 方法，可自動儲存擷取的資料。您只需將資料物件和檔案名稱傳入 Scrape(item, "products.jsonl") 即可。此函式庫支援多種輸出格式，包括 JSON、JSONL 和 CSV，讓您能輕鬆匯出擷取的電子商務資料以供後續處理。

Curtis Chau

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Curtis Chau 擁有卡爾頓大學（Carleton University）的電腦科學學士學位，專精於前端開發，並精通 Node.js、TypeScript、JavaScript 及 React。他熱衷於打造直觀且美觀的用戶介面，喜歡運用現代框架，並創建結構完善、視覺上吸引人的手冊。

除了開發工作之外，Curtis 對物聯網（IoT）抱有濃厚興趣，致力於探索整合硬體與軟體的創新方法。閒暇時，他喜歡玩遊戲和開發 Discord 機器人，將對科技的熱愛與創意相結合。

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在這頁

Scrape a Shopping Website in C

using NuGet 套件管理員安裝 https://www.nuget.org/packages/IronWebScraper

請複製並執行此程式碼片段。

部署至您的生產環境進行測試

如何分析購物網站的 HTML 結構？

為何理解 HTML 結構如此重要？

如何設定網頁爬取專案？

我應該使用哪種資料模型來處理類別？

如何建立基本的爬蟲邏輯？

我在選單中鎖定哪些元素？

如何同時抓取主要類別和子類別？

如何從分類頁面中擷取產品資訊？

產品的 HTML 結構是怎樣的？

我應該建立哪種產品模型？

如何新增產品擷取功能？

常見問題

如何使用 C# 從購物網站擷取產品資料？

建立購物網站爬蟲的基本步驟有哪些？

在抓取電子商務網站時，該如何處理層級類別結構？

在進行資料擷取前，分析購物網站 HTML 結構的最佳方法是什麼？

我能否從同一頁面同時擷取產品列表和類別導覽？

如何將抓取的產品資料儲存至檔案中？

還在捲動嗎？

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開始免費 30 天試用

在這頁

Scrape a Shopping Website in C

using NuGet 套件管理員安裝 https://www.nuget.org/packages/IronWebScraper

請複製並執行此程式碼片段。

部署至您的生產環境進行測試

如何分析購物網站的 HTML 結構？

為何理解 HTML 結構如此重要？

如何設定網頁爬取專案？

我應該使用哪種資料模型來處理類別？

如何建立基本的爬蟲邏輯？

我在選單中鎖定哪些元素？

如何同時抓取主要類別和子類別？

如何從分類頁面中擷取產品資訊？

產品的 HTML 結構是怎樣的？

我應該建立哪種產品模型？

如何新增產品擷取功能？

常見問題

如何使用 C# 從購物網站擷取產品資料？

建立購物網站爬蟲的基本步驟有哪些？

在抓取電子商務網站時，該如何處理層級類別結構？

在進行資料擷取前，分析購物網站 HTML 結構的最佳方法是什麼？

我能否從同一頁面同時擷取產品列表和類別導覽？

如何將抓取的產品資料儲存至檔案中？

還在捲動嗎？

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